Acknowledgements Preface 、 SECTION ONE The linguistic background D．H．Hymes：On Communicative Competence(extracts) M．A．K．Halliday：Towards a Sociological Semantics (extracts) SECTION TWO The background to teaching H．G．Widdowson：Directions in the Teaching of Dis— COUrse H．G．Widdowson：The Deep Structure of Discourse and the Use of Translation Christ0Dher N．Candlin：The Status of Pedagogical Grammars D．A．Wilkins：Grammatical，Situational and Notional Syllabuses D．A．Wilkins：Notional Syllabuses and the Concept of a Minimum Adequate Grammar SECTION THREE Applications and techniques J．L．M．Trim~Draft Outline of a European Unit／Credit System for Modern Language Learning by Adults (extract) T．van Ek：The Threshold Level(extracts) 。H．G．Widdowson：The Teaching of English as Com munication J．P．B．Allen and H．G．Widdowson：Teaching the Communicative Use of English Keith Morrow：Communicative Language Testing： Revolution or E：volution? VIII Contents SECTION FOUR Methodological perspectives Leonard Newmark：How Not to Interfere with Language Leamm~ Richard A。llwright：Language Learning through Com。 munication Practice C．J．Bmmfit：‘Communicative’Language Teaching：an Educational Perspective Keith Johnson：Communicative Approaches and Corn。 municative Processes Conclusion APPENDIX Extracts from teaching materials References Index
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